Pronomen

Ett pronomen är ett ord som ersätter en längre substantivfras.

Personliga pronomen

Tu är singular och vos plural i alla situationer, både formella och lediga (som på svenska).

El används för att referera till personer, och till djur som däggdjur och fåglar. Det kan användas metaforiskt också om andra varelser, robotar, månen, stormar, osv.

Lo refererar till saker, enkla varelser, idéer, begrepp, osv.

Los (dom) är plural för både el och lo.

Elefen skiljer inte normalt mellan “hon” och “han”. Formerna ela (“hon”) och elo (“han”) är ovanliga, men kan användas för att undvika överdriven upprepning av personnamn, till exempel i en berättelse om en man och en kvinna.

Ett personligt pronomen kan följas av en relativsats. Om innebörden fortfarande är tydlig, kan detta föregående pronomen utelämnas, vilket innebär att relativpronomenet då gör båda jobben:

On är ett ospecifierat opersonligt pronomen, som används som “man” på svenska (dialektala “en”). Det betyder “folk i allmänhet” eller “en godtycklig eller hypotetisk person”. Det eleminerar ofta behovet av ett passivt verb:

Se is the reflexive pronoun for the third person, both singular and plural. It refers to the subject of the current verb, but is never the subject itself:

De possesiva pronomenen är possessiva bestämmare med artikeln la före:

Pronomen från bestämmare

Precis som man kan göra om ett adjektiv till ett substantiv, så kan de flesta bestämmare göras om till pronomen. Pronomenen esta, acel, och otra får alltid ändelsen -s när de står i plural. Man kan lägga till -s också på några andra pronomen, om detta gör betydelsen klarare.

Exempel:

The cardinal numbers can be used as pronouns denoting groups of a specified size. These pronouns do not normally take the plural -s and do not require determiners:

To indicate indeterminate multiples of numbers such as sento, mil, or milion, the plural -s is added:

La cannot be converted to a pronoun. El, lo, and los are used instead:

No cannot be used as a pronoun, but it does form nun and no cosa. The number zero can also be used as a pronoun.

The idiomatic expression la un la otra (or lunlotra) means “one another” or “each other”. It has variants such as la un o la otra (one or the other), la un pos la otra (or pos lunlotra, one after another), and la un sur la otra (or sur lunlotra, one on top of the other):

In some sentences, a pronoun is immediately followed by a verb and risks being misunderstood as a determiner followed by a a verb reused as a noun. For example, out of context, one can’t be sure whether acel veni de Italia means “that action of coming from Italy” or “that comes from Italy”. In most cases, the context makes the meaning entirely obvious. But beginners in Elefen, and those who wish to avoid all risk of ambiguity, can add a simple noun – such as person or cosa – after the determiner instead of converting it to a pronoun:

In some cases, one wants to make it clear that the verbal noun is not a verb. With words like alga, multe, and poca, one can add de between the determiner and the noun; the determiner then becomes a pronoun, but the noun doesn’t become a verb. With other determiners, such as esta and acel, one can add la before the determiner:

Interrogative pronouns

Elefen has two pronouns that are used to create direct questions:

Ci is only used as a pronoun and should not be used as a determiner.

Cual is primarily a determiner, but it’s often also used as a pronoun, accepting the small risk of expressions such as cual veni de Italia being misunderstood.

Examples:

Ci and cual are also used in reported questions.

Relative pronouns

Cual and ci also serve as relative pronouns, introducing relative clauses:

The relative pronoun for a person or animal is ci. The relative pronoun for other things is cual:

With some relative clauses, the main sentence omits the noun that the clause relates to. The relative pronoun itself appears in the place of that noun. In such cases, to avoid confusion, cual can be expanded to lo cual, and ci to el ci:

Other pronouns

There are four special pronouns that refer to people. They are only used in the singular:

Examples:

The equivalents of algun, cualcun, cadun, and nun for things are alga cosa (something), cualce cosa (anything), cada cosa (everything), and no cosa (nothing).

Pronoun phrases

Pronouns are not normally modified by determiners or adjectives, but they can be modified by prepositional phrases: